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Salus-Grady libel law
The Salus-Grady libel law, also known as the Pennsylvania anti-cartoon law, was enacted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1903 to discourage political criticism from the press. Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker championed the controversial law in response to an ongoing set of cartoons that mocked his successful 1902 gubernatorial campaign and his tenure as governor. Upset by being caricatured as a parrot, Pennypacker denounced what he deemed “the sensational devices and the disregard of truth” employed by the press. The law broadened the circumstances under which a newspaper could be sued for libel, and made editors liable in their personal capacity to such lawsuits. Rather than having the chilling effect Pennypacker desired, the law backfired spectacularly, eliciting cartoons more contemptuous than the previous ones and protests not only from newspapers in Pennsylvania, but from nationally-circulating newspapers as well. The law languished along with Pennypacker when he stepped down from office in 1907, as his successor quickly repealed the controversial measure.〔
==Background==
The start of the 20th century coincided with an increasingly vocal press and journalists who targeted their subjects with editorial cartoons and investigative reports.〔〔 Feeling threatened, politicians in several states proposed laws that would place restrictions upon these unflattering images. The conflict between journalist and political figure would come to a head in Pennsylvania when the Republican Party nominated Samuel W. Pennypacker, then a sitting judge in Philadelphia, for the office of Governor. Pennypacker’s short temper and arrogance made him an easy target. Although he was perceived as an honest judge, the candidate was surrounded by corrupt politics that he flatly refused to acknowledge, declaring that the government had "no ills that are worthy of mention." Pennypacker strongly defended the party boss, Matthew S. Quay, and attributed his nomination not to Quay’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering, but to the strength of his own record as a judge. He saw his own nomination as an unprecedented achievement of honest politics.〔
Charles Nelan, a cartoonist working for the anti-Quay ''Philadelphia North American'', capitalized on the candidate’s remarks by drawing him as a conceited parrot. Referencing the parrot’s propensity for mimicry, the caricatured bird repeated the words of party elders, Nelan’s accusation that Pennypacker would be a rubber stamp for the desires of Quay and his cronies. Later cartoons similarly accused Pennypacker of guilt by association with Quay, but he won the governor’s race anyway.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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